Which elements are essential for valid ratification in agency law?

• A. Manifestation of intent to adopt
• B. Acceptance of liability by the principal
• C. Communication to the other party
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Ratification of an unauthorized act by a principal requires three essential steps. The principal must clearly manifest an intent to adopt the act as its own, signaling that they will be bound by the transaction as if the agent had authority from the start. The principal must also accept liability for the contract, meaning they intend to be responsible for the obligations created by the act. Finally, there must be communication of the ratification to the other party, so the third party has notice that the principal has adopted the act and can enforce the contract against the principal. If any one of these elements is missing, ratification won’t bind the principal. That’s why all of the above elements are necessary.